高考英语备考语法精要讲解：谓语动词

　　总述: 谓语动词的变化形式取决于时态和语态: 英语的时态有十六种, 中学英语中有十二种常见的时态; 语态有两种, 即主动语态和被动语态
　　1.在主动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
　　一般进行完成完成进行
　　现在do / doesam / is / are doinghave / has donehave / has been doing
　　过去didwas / were doinghad donehad been doing
　　将来shall / will doshall / will be doingshall / will have doneX
　　如果谓语是be动词, 则可用be动词的适当形式( be / am / is / are / was / were / been)代替以上表格中的黑体字部分. 此外, 过去将来时的形式是: should / would do或should / would be
　　2.在被动语态中, 各种时态的谓语动词的一般形式如下:
　　一般进行完成完成进行
　　现在am / is / are doneam / is / are being donehave / has been doneX
　　过去was / were donewas / were being donehad been doneX
　　将来shall / will be doneXshall / will have been doneX
　　另外, 过去将来时的被动语态形式是should / would be done
　　主动语态
　　在主动语态中, 高中英语中常见的有十二个时态
　　一.一般现在时:
　　1.构成: 通常以动词原形表示. 主语为第三人称单数时, 则用动词的第三人称单数形式来表示
　　2.用法:
　　①.表示现状, 性质, 状态, 经常的或习惯性的动作
　　a. It is fine today.
　　b. I am a student.
　　c. I get up at six every day.
　　d. My father never takes a bus; he walks to his office.
　　②.表示客观事实或普遍真理
　　a. Japan is to the east of China.
　　b. The sun rises in the east.
　　c. A horse is a useful animal.
　　③.表示将来确定会发生的动作(如己安排好或计划好的动作或按时刻表将来一定会发生的动作), 可以这样使用的动词有: go, come, leave, start, arrive等
　　a. My train leaves at 6:30.
　　b. The football match is played the day after tomorrow.
　　④.在时间和条件状语从句中可用一般现在时动词代替一般将来时动词
　　a. I will let you know as soon as I hear from him.
　　b. We will go if it is fine tomorrow.
　　c. I will be away when he arrives.
　　d. We shall not begin the discussion until he arrives.
　　e. Mother, I won’t go out unless you agree.
　　f. Don’t try to run before you begin to walk.
　　⑤.在某些以here / there开头的句子中用一般现在时动词表示现在正在发生的动作
　　a. Here comes the bus.=The bus is coming.
　　b. There goes the bell.
　　⑥.在体育比赛过程中, 解说员叙述迅速, 短暂动作时, 可用一般现在时, 表示正在进行的或刚刚发生的动作
　　a. Ma Lianbao passes the ball to Mu Tiezhu, Mu shoots – a fine shot !
　　⑦.在剧本或图片的说明文字中, 用一般现在时表示动作
　　a. When the curtain rises, Juliet is sitting at her desk. The phone rings. She picks it up and listens quietly.
　　二.现在进行时:
　　1.构成: am / is / are doing
　　2.用法:
　　①.表示说话时正在进行着的动作, 或现阶段正在进行而说话时不一定正在进行的动作
　　a. I am writing a letter.
　　b. My mother is making a dress these few days.
　　②.表示即将发生的动作(如在最近按计划或安排好要进行的动作), 常见的有这种用法的动词有: come /go / leave / start / arrive等, 常与表示将来时间的状语连用
　　a. They are going to Shanghai on Friday.
　　b. John is coming here next week.
　　③.现在进行时动词与always, continually, constantly等连用, 表示反复出现的或习惯性的动作
　　a. The little boy is always asking questions.
　　b. You are always saying that sort of thing.
　　④.在一定的上下文中, 前一句用一般现在时动词表述现在发生的事实, 后一句用现在进行时动词来阐述这一事实的原因, 结果, 目的等
　　a. He frowns. He is worrying about his boy.他皱着眉头, 因为他在为他的孩子担心. (is worrying表示原因)
　　b. She criticizes him. She is trying to correct his wrong habits. 她批评他, 想纠正他的坏习惯. (is trying表示目的)
　　c. She lets her child have his own way. She is spoiling him. 她不管她的孩子, 把他惯坏了. ( is spoiling表示结果)
　　⑤.不表示持续的行为, 而表示知觉, 感觉, 看法, 认识, 感情, 愿望或某种状态的动词通常不用现在进行时, 如: see, hear, smell, taste, recognize, notice, forget, remember, understand, know, believe, suppose, mean, think, love, hate, care, like, dislike, worry, forgive, want, wish, hope, refuse, feel like, belong to , possess, own, have, be, seem等
　　三.现在完成时:
　　1.构成: have / has done
　　2.用法:
　　①.表示动作在说话之前己经完成, 而后果或影响至今仍存在
　　a. He has gone to Shanghai. ( =He went to Shanghai and he is not here now. )
　　b. I have opened the window. ( =I opened the window and the window is now open.)
　　c. The concert has started. ( =The concert started and is now going on. )
　　d. I have had breakfast. (=I had breakfast and I am not hungry now. )
　　②.表示开始于过去, 持续到现在(也许还会继续进行下去)的动作或状态, 用于延续性动词, 且句中常带有表示段时间的时间状语
　　a. I have studied English since 1987.
　　b. He has lived here for two years.
　　c. He has been ill for ten days.
　　3.现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:
　　①.现在完成时和一般过去时所表示的动作都发生在过去, 但前者将过去的动作与现在的结果或对现在的影响联系起来, 而后者只限于表示过去的动作本身, 与现在无关
　　②.现在完成时不能与表明确时间的状语如: yesterday, last year, two days ago, when I came in等连用, 但可与表示不明确时间的状语如: already, yet, sometimes, often, before, lately, recently, once, twice, ever等连用, 也可以和包括现在在内的时间状语如: this morning, today, this week, this year等连用
　　a. She has already come.
　　b. I have met him before.
　　c. Ma Hong has always been a good student.
　　d. Have you ever been to the Great Wall ?
　　e. I have seen him this morning.
　　四.现在完成进行时:
　　1.构成: have / has been doing
　　2.特征: 现在完成进行时兼有现在完成时和现在进行时两者的特点
　　①.它具有现在完成时的特点, 即表示动作发生在过去, 延续到现在或对现在产生影响
　　②.它具有现在进行时的特点, 即可以表示此动作仍在进行或还会继续
　　a. Mr. Smith has taught English for twenty years. ( 至今为止教过二十年英语, 至于teach是否结束或是否延续, 不得而知)
　　b. Mr. Smith has been teaching English for twenty years.( 现在仍在教英语,而且将持续下去)
　　3.用法:
　　①.表示现在之前的一段时间里一直进行的动作, 此动可能仍在进行, 也可能刚刚停止
　　a. I have been reading the book all the morning.
　　b. He has been staying here for two hours.
　　c. I have been living in Beijing since 1972.
　　②.表示现在之前的一段时间里一再重复的动作
　　a. I have been calling you several times in the past two days.
　　4.现在完成时与现在完成进行时的区别: 前者着重表示过去动作对现在的影响或结果; 后者着重表示过去动作的持续进行
　　a. I have written six letters since I got back.我己经写了六封信 (强调结果)
　　b. I have been writing letter since I got back. 我回家后一直在写信 (强调一直在写)
　　c. I have read this book.我读过这本书了(强调读过这一结果)
　　d. I have been reading this book.我一直在读这本书 (强调一直在读)